Cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device

ABSTRACT

A cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device includes a substrate, an alignment layer, and a cholesteric liquid crystal layer including multiple domains, each of said domains skewed at an angle relative to a plane parallel to said substrate. The device may be used in combination with a liquid crystal cell to fabricate a reflective liquid crystal display (LCD). In various embodiments, the reflective LCD may be a normally white mode or normally black mode device. In another variation, the liquid crystal cell may include a 90° twisted nematic liquid crystal.

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/214,106, entitled Liquid Crystal Reflective Display Using a Color Filter of Cholesteric Polymers, filed on Jun. 26, 2000.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] (1) Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention generally relates to liquid crystal display devices. This invention more specifically relates to novel technology advantageously useful in liquid crystal displays.

[0004] (2) Background Information

[0005] The demand for liquid crystal displays (LCDs) has increased substantially in recent years with the proliferation of computer technology. For example, the use of LCDs in personal computers, video cameras, televisions, cellular telephones, watches and a host of other electronic devices is common. The widespread use and acceptance of LCDs has led to increased demands for continued innovation in this technology, to produce, for example, hand held, more energy efficient, and less expensive display devices.

[0006] The development of the reflective liquid crystal display is one attempt to meet these demands. A reflective LCD relies on ambient light to display images. Substantially all reflective LCDs, therefore, have a reflector to reflect the incident light back towards the viewer. In a conventional reflective LCD an aluminum mirror has typically been utilized. One difficulty associated with an aluminum mirror is that it is a specular reflector. A specular reflection is generally undesirable because it includes a reflected image of the light source and other objects (including the user), which may distract the viewer from focusing on the displayed image. As a result, practical reflective LCDs typically diffuse the reflected light enough to blur parasitic reflective images, but not so much as to blur the displayed image. In conventional reflective LCDs, diffused reflection is achieved one of two ways; either by a adding a diffuser film, typically at the front of the display stack, or by patterning the inner surface of the glass substrate upon which a metal mirror is deposited. Conventional reflective displays are generally rendered colored by a separate color filter layer that uses light absorption in each pixel to provide, for example, red, green and blue colors. This display structure, wherein a separate component layer is required for each function: color rendering, reflection, and light diffusion, results in a relatively large number of components and tends to result in a more complex production process and higher costs.

[0007] Moreover, conventional specular reflectors within reflective LCDs typically reflect the displayed image (i.e., the colored pixels including the displayed image or indicia) in substantially the same direction as parasitic glare light rays (e.g., light reflected from the outer most surface of the display or from other internal interfaces). Consequently, the glare rays often coincide with a viewer's preferential viewing angle and may greatly reduce the effectiveness of the display by reducing the contrast between inactive and active pixels. Recently, Atkins et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,787, which is fully incorporated herein by reference, disclosed a reflective LCD having a prismatic film, including a series of prisms, disposed therein for refracting display information toward a direction normal to the surface thereof (a more likely viewing angle for a viewer). While the apparent contrast of the display may be increased by the use of a prismatic film, the resulting LCD tends to have an increased thickness relative to other prior art LCDs. Further, repeatably fabricating a distinct prismatic film material and attaching it to an optical cell by a separate adhesive layer tends to complicate LCD fabrication and increase costs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] In one aspect, the present invention includes a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) polarizing device including a substrate, an alignment layer, and a CLC layer including multiple domains, each of the domains skewed at an angle relative to a plane parallel to the substrate. In one variation, this aspect includes a LCD including the cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device.

[0009] In another aspect, this invention includes a reflective LCD including a planar CLC polarizing device, which includes multiple domains, each of the domains being skewed at an angle relative to a plane parallel to the CLC polarizing device. The reflective LCD further includes a liquid crystal cell and an internal quarter-wave retarder. The CLC polarizing device, the liquid crystal cell, and the quarter wave retarder are superposed with one another.

[0010] In yet another aspect, this invention includes a reflective LCD including a linear polarizer having a polarization direction, a liquid crystal cell, a quarter-wave retarder having a fast axis and an absorbing medium. The reflective LCD further includes a planar CLC polarizing device including a plurality of pixel regions, the CLC polarizing device further including multiple domains, each of the domains being skewed at an angle relative to a plane parallel to the CLC polarizing device.

[0011] In still another aspect, this invention includes a method for fabricating a reflective LCD. The method includes providing a liquid crystal cell including a thin film transistor array having a plurality of pixel regions, superposing the liquid crystal cell with a planar CLC polarizing device, and providing the CLC polarizing device with multiple domains, each of the domains being skewed at an angle relative to a plane parallel to the CLC polarizing device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectioned schematic representation of a pixilated (RGB) CLC polarizing device;

[0013]FIG. 2A is a cross-sectioned schematic representation of another embodiment of a pixilated (RGB) CLC polarizing device;

[0014]FIG. 2B is an enlarged view of the circular region labeled 2B in FIG. 2A;

[0015]FIG. 3A is a cross-sectioned schematic representation of yet another embodiment of a pixilated (RGB) CLC polarizing device;

[0016]FIG. 3B is an enlarged view of the circular region labeled 3B in FIG. 3A;

[0017]FIG. 3C is an enlarged view of the circular region labeled 3C in FIG. 3B;

[0018]FIG. 4 is a cross-sectioned schematic representation of one embodiment of a reflective LCD of the present invention;

[0019]FIG. 5 is cross-sectioned schematic representation of another embodiment of a reflective LCD of the present invention; and

[0020]FIG. 6 is a cross-sectioned schematic representation yet another embodiment of a reflective LCD of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] The present invention is a novel reflective liquid crystal display (LCD). The reflective LCD of this invention includes a liquid crystal cell and a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) polarizing device. Embodiments of the CLC polarizing device effectively replace the relatively complex assembly of conventional color filter, metal mirror, gain reflector, and diffuser elements. The reflective LCD of this invention tends to have fewer components and may have a simplified production process as compared to such conventional assemblies. Further, this invention may provide for the development of ultra-thin and lightweight reflective LCDs. This invention may further provide for a reflective LCD with high contrast (i.e. a nearly true black state), a balanced white state, high efficiency light modulation, minimal wavelength modulation response, low voltage operation, and tolerance for gap variations.

[0022] Prior to discussing the structure and function of this invention, it is helpful to describe CLC polarizing layers. Briefly, CLC polarizing layers may be thought of as being composed of a plurality of thin birefringent films continuously disposed on one another. An important feature of CLC layers in general is their periodic structure: a progression along a preferred direction (“helical axis”) is associated with a linear and continuous rotation of the local fast axis of the above birefringent layers. Li et al., (in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,691,789 and 6,034,753, and SID '96 Digest, p. 111 (1996)) and Hochbaum et al., (in SID99 Digest, p. 1063 (1999)) discuss polymeric CLC polarizing layers and their fabrication in greater detail. The above referenced citations are fully incorporated herein by reference. For the purposes of this disclosure, the following terms and definitions are used throughout. A CLC polarizing layer includes a plurality of cholesteric polymer films that perform a predetermined optical polarizing function, for example reflecting right-hand circularly polarized light (RH) across a spectrum of wavelengths. A CLC polarizing device is a device that performs a predetermined optical polarizing function and includes one or more CLC polarizing layers.

[0023] The CLC polarizing device utilized in this invention reflects only one kind of circularly polarized light (RH or LH) in a predetermined range of wavelengths and substantially all other light is transmitted. For example a CLC polarizing device used in this invention may reflect RH light in the red portion of the visible spectrum. LH red light and substantially all light at other wavelengths, whether RH or LH, will be transmitted. The polarizing reflection bandwidth of a CLC polarizing device depends on the molecular pitch distribution profile of the cholesteric liquid crystals and on the birefringence of the CLC material (Li, et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,691,789 and 6,034,753 and Li, et al., SID '96 Digest, p. 111 (1996)). Both the bandwidth and the center wavelength of a CLC polarizing device may be tuned over a wide wavelength range. The bandwidth may extend a few dozen to several thousand nanometers. The central wavelength may be tuned to virtually any wavelength in the visible spectrum. The fabrication of such CLC polarizing devices, which reflect either RH or LH light, is described in the above cited U.S. Patents.

[0024] Embodiments of the present invention may utilize a CLC polarizing device that includes a plurality of pixel regions. Each pixel region reflects polarized light (RH or LH) in one of the three primary colors (e.g. red, green and blue). A discussion of primary colors may be found in Hecht, Optics 2^(nd) Ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, p.115 (1987). Red, green and blue are universally used in LCDs and are therefore used in particular embodiments of this invention. The pixel regions are easily prepared by well-known techniques of controlling the UV light intensity and the exposure time and temperature during curing of UV-curable CLC materials.

[0025] Turning now to FIG. 1, an exemplary CLC polarizing device 10 includes a substrate 12 upon which a CLC polarizing layer 14, including a plurality of red, green, and blue pixels, is disposed. An alignment layer 15 is typically interposed between substrate 12 and CLC layer 14 to align the adjacent CLC molecules in layer 14. For example, the alignment layer 15 may be a thin polyimide film that is mechanically ‘rubbed’ with a nylon pile. The elongated liquid crystal molecules in CLC layer 14 are aligned in the rubbing direction. It is also possible to prepare an alignment layer without mechanical rubbing, for example, using conventional optical radiation properly illuminated on alignment layer 15. These techniques are well known to those skilled in the liquid crystal arts and are therefore not discussed in further detail.

[0026] In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, CLC polarizing device 10 may provide similar function to that of a discrete mirror and color filter used in conventional reflective LCDs. Device 10 is different from a conventional mirror, however, in that a given CLC polarizing device reflects only one component of circularly polarized light (RH or LH). The other component is transmitted. Furthermore, a CLC mirror reflects circularly polarized light without changing its circular sense (e.g., incident LH light is reflected as LH light). A conventional mirror, on the other hand, reflects substantially all incident polarizations while reversing their circular sense (e.g., RH light is reflected as LH light and LH light is reflected as RH light).

[0027] Referring now to FIGS. 2A and 2B, alternatively, another embodiment of a CLC polarizing device 10′ may be configured to provide the additional functionality of a diffuser element in a conventional reflective LCD. This may be accomplished by employing a CLC polarizing device 10 that includes multiple domains 16 (which also may be referred to herein as sub-domains), each tilted slightly (e.g., within a predetermined distribution of angles relative to the normal direction), and at a random orientation, with respect to one another and to a direction normal to substrate 12. Sub-domains 16 may also be incorporated into domains 140 as shown in phantom in FIG. 3C and discussed in further detail hereinbelow. Each domain reflects light at a slightly different angle, as compared to its neighbor domains, resulting in a relatively diffuse reflection from CLC polarizing device 10. By controlling the size and relative orientation of the individual domains, one may control the degree of diffuseness in the reflected light. A multiple domain structure may typically be induced by imperfect boundary conditions or material flow during the aforementioned polymerization/UV curing. For example, a multiple domain structure may be achieved by using a clean substrate 12 (i.e., a substrate not including alignment layer 15). In another example, a multiple domain structure may also be achieved by texturing substrate 12 in order to provide multiple domains having a distribution of angles. A diffuse reflection may also be achieved by embossing an irregular relief structure on the surface of CLC polarizing layer 14. This may be accomplished by laminating a matte film on the top surface of the CLC polarizing layer 14 prior to the UV curing. The film is then removed after UV curing. A suitable matte film material (e.g., stretched polyester) tends to align the adjacent CLC molecules 16C (shown for selected domains in FIG. 2B) parallel to the surface of layer 14. Since the matte polyester has a relatively rough surface, the local parallel direction varies from point to point leading to a multiple domain structure in the CLC polarizing device 10.

[0028] Referring now to FIG. 3A, in an alternate embodiment, a CLC device 100 configured to provide gain reflection is illustrated. The term ‘gain’ or ‘gain reflection’ in a reflective LCD (and as used herein) refers to increased reflection brightness, as compared to a standard diffusive reflective surface (also referred to as a Lambertian surface), at some solid angle, preferably at which a viewer is likely to view the display (e.g., a direction parallel to axis A in FIGS. 4-6). As shown, CLC device 100 includes a CLC layer 114 superposed with a substrate 12 (e.g., glass). An alignment layer 15 (e.g., polyimide) is typically disposed therebetween. CLC layer 114 is similar to CLC layer 14 in that it typically includes pixel regions 114R, 114G, and 114B that reflect circularly polarized red, green, and blue light, respectively, as described hereinabove. CLC layer 114 differs from CLC layer 114 in that it includes an arrangement of skewed domains 140 on an outermost surface thereof (i.e., a surface thereof opposite that of layer 15), which may provide for gain reflection as discussed hereinbelow.

[0029] As best shown in the enlarged view of FIG. 3B, the skewed domains 140 may include a triangular saw tooth-like shape when viewed in cross section. The skewed domains typically include a transverse dimension 143 less than the transverse dimension of an individual pixel region (e.g., 114R). As used herein, the term ‘transverse’ refers to a direction substantially parallel to the surface 112 of substrate 12 (i.e., orthogonal to axis A in FIGS. 4-6). Similarly, the term ‘axial’ ‘axis’ and/or ‘normal’ corresponds to a direction substantially parallel to axis A (and/or 146 in FIG. 3C).

[0030] In particular embodiments, each domain 140 (and/or pixel region) may be substantially circular, so that the transverse dimension is nominally the diameter thereof. In an exemplary embodiment the average transverse dimension of the skewed domains 140 is less than about 25 microns. In another embodiment, the average transverse dimension of the skewed domains is from about 5 to about 15 microns. As also shown, the surface of the skewed domains 140 defines an angle 141 with respect to the transverse direction. Increasing angle 141 tends to increase the thickness of CLC layer 114 by the step height 145 of the skewed domains 140. As a result, it may be desirable to utilize a CLC device 100 in which angle 141 is relatively small (to keep step height 145 relatively low). In one embodiment, angle 141 may range from about 2 to about 10 degrees. In another embodiment, angle 141 may range from about 4 to about 6 degrees. The two preceding embodiments typically include a step height 145 of less than about 5 microns, and desirably less than about 2 microns.

[0031] Although the various domains 140 are all shown with generally the same angles 141, the skilled artisan will recognize that multiple domains 140 may be provided, with mutually distinct angles 141. Moreover, although the domains 140 are shown having the same orientation (i.e., being inclined in the same direction) with one another, the skilled artisan will recognize that domains 140 may be disposed in various orientations, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, domains 140 may be effectively rotated to some extent about axis A to receive light from various angles of incidence θ_(i) located about axis A, while still reflecting light in a generally preferred direction.

[0032] The gain reflection function of CLC polarizing device 100 will be appreciated by those skilled in the art in light of the teachings herein. This gain reflection function is described briefly in generalized terms with reference to FIG. 3C. As shown, incident light 131, having an angle of incidence θ_(i), relative to the axial direction 146 normal to substrate 12 is reflected 132 at an angle of reflection θ_(r). For most practical situations (i.e., where θ_(i). is greater than about 15°), the angle of reflection θ_(r) is less than the angle of incidence θ_(i). As a result, CLC device 100 tends to reflect a greater proportion of incident light towards the direction 146 normal to substrate 12, and may therefore provide for gain reflection in a reflective LCD (such as LCD 120 shown in FIG. 6, discussed hereinbelow).

[0033] A skewed domain structure 140 may typically be induced by any of the methods described hereinabove with respect to producing multiple domains 16 (FIGS. 2A and 2B). One method that is generally desirable is to emboss a relief structure on the surface of CLC polarizing layer 114. This may be accomplished by laminating a specially textured film (replica) on the outermost surface of the CLC layer 114 prior to UV curing. The replica film is then removed after the CLC layer 114 is UV cured. The replica film may be made from a stretched polyester material that is pressed (at relatively high pressures and optionally relatively high temperatures) in contact with a hard (e.g., metal) die (referred to as a ‘master’). Stretched polyester is a desirable replica film material because it tends to align the adjacent CLC molecules (as shown for the multidomain structure of FIG. 2B) of layer 114 in parallel therewith (i.e., parallel to the contours of the desired skewed surface pattern imposed by the replica). Matte polyester or a smooth or otherwise non-matte film may be used. However, use of a matte film may be advantageous since the relatively rough surface thereof tends to produce a rough CLC surface (i.e., one that provides a smaller scale multiple domain structure such as shown in phantom as sub-domains 16 in FIG. 3C) within each domain 140, which may further provide for both gain and diffuse reflection. The embodiments described hereinabove include skewed domains 140 having a triangular saw tooth-like cross-section. The artisan of ordinary skill will readily recognize that domains of various other configurations, such as concave or convex cross-section may also be utilized without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

[0034] The use of CLC polarizing device 10′ is advantageous in that it may perform the functions of color rendering, light reflection, and light diffusion in a single unitary layer. The use of CLC polarizing device 100 may be further advantageous in that it may perform the functions of color rendering, light reflection, gain reflection, and light diffusion in a single unitary layer. A CLC polarizing device 10, 10′, 100 may provide further advantages in that it is non-absorptive and is easily pixilated. Yet a further potential advantage of CLC polarizing device 10, 10′,100 is that it may be used in combination with a 90° twisted nematic liquid crystal cell in fabricating a reflective LCD (e.g., in LCD 20, 20′, 120 which is described hereinbelow).

[0035] Referring now to FIG. 4, one embodiment of the present invention, shown as reflective LCD 20, typically includes a quarter-wave retarder layer 32 interposed between a voltage actuatable liquid crystal cell 30 (also referred to herein as a liquid crystal layer) and CLC polarizing device 10, 10′, 100. LCD 20 may further include substrates 12 and/or 26. In one desirable embodiment, the quarter wave retarder layer 32 is made of an aligned nematic polymer rather than a stretched (non LC) polymer (e.g., poly vinyl alcohol). This approach allows for a very thin retarder (e.g., about 1 micron), which may be included as an internal retarder inside the LC cell.

[0036] Referring now to FIG. 5, a generally desirable embodiment of this invention is shown as reflective LCD 20′. Reflective LCD 20′ includes a linear polarizer 24, substrate 26 (e.g., a transparent material such as glass), a layer 28 that includes a pixilated thin film transistor array (TFT) and a black matrix (BM) used to shield the TFT from ambient light and to block reflection from any highly reflecting surfaces in the TFT array, liquid crystal cell 30, quarter-wave retarder 32, a pixilated CLC polarizing device 10, 10′ and a black absorber 34, superposed with one another. The TFT is used to electrically address the liquid crystal cell 30 in a conventional manner. (The conventional electrical bus lines connecting to the TFT, and an optional light-shielding layer are not shown explicitly.) During the fabrication process the pixilated CLC device 10, 10′ and the pixilated TFT array are aligned using known alignment procedures to achieve a proper axial registration of the pixels therein. The artisan of ordinary skill will readily recognize that LCD 20′ may be configured for passive (rather than active) matrix drive addressing by using a passive TN cell in place of a TFT array.

[0037] While not required for the present invention, it is generally desirable that liquid crystal cell 30 includes a 90° twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal. The advantages of the 90° TN configuration tend to be many, including: the ability to produce relatively bright, high contrast images; the red, green, and blue pixels have similar modulation curves; provision of a nearly true black state; provision of a relatively balanced white state; relatively low voltage operation; and a relatively high tolerance to thickness variations that may occur during fabrication thereof. One additional advantage of the 90° TN configuration is that it is the most widely used LC configuration for conventional transmissive LCDs and therefore a substantial infrastructure is currently in place for manufacturing LCDs that include a 90° TN LC (potentially including the reflective LCDs disclosed herein).

[0038] A conventional reflective LCD typically operates in one of two modes, referred to as normally white (NW) and normally black (NB). In the NW mode, a reflective LCD is configured to have its highest brightness in the non-energized state, while in the NB mode, a reflective LCD is configured to be dark in the non-energized state. The reflective LCD of the present invention may be configured in either NW or NB mode. The principle of operation of one NW mode and one NB mode embodiment of this invention are discussed hereinbelow. For the purposes of this discussion, all angular orientations are referred to in their conventional sense from the perspective of looking down axis A into LCD 20′ (FIGS. 3 and 4), i.e., the angles are taken in a plane transverse to axis A. To further facilitate discussion, the polarization direction of linear polarizer 24 is defined as 0° and the LH CLC polarizing device 10 is configured to reflect LH light and transmit RH light, except as otherwise specifically noted.

[0039] In one embodiment, reflective LCD 20′ is configured as a NW mode device. LC cell 30 (as described hereinabove a 90° TN configuration is generally desirable) is configured with its generally elongated LC molecules nearest to layer 28 (hereafter referred to as the front LC directors) oriented at 0° and the LC molecules nearest to quarter-wave retarder 32 (hereafter referred to as the back LC director) oriented at 90°. Positive angles are measured in a clockwise direction with respect to the 0° direction. Furthermore, quarter-wave retarder 32 is configured with its fast axis (i.e., the direction of the smallest refractive index) oriented at −45°.

[0040] In operation of this NW mode embodiment of LCD 20′, linear polarizer 24 acts to linearly polarize (e.g., to 0°, as specified hereinabove) the unpolarized, white light 22 incident thereon. In the non-energized state (i.e., no applied voltage), LC cell 30 rotates the linear polarization direction to 90°. The quarter-wave retarder 32 then converts the white 90° linearly polarized light into white LH light. The red 14R, green 14G and blue 14B pixels of CLC polarizing device 10 reflect red, green and blue LH light, respectively, whereas the remainder of the spectrum, LH cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively, is transmitted and absorbed by black absorber 34. The reflected red, green and blue LH light is converted back to linearly polarized light with a polarization direction of 90° by quarter-wave retarder 32. LC cell 30 then rotates the polarization direction of the reflected light back to 0°. Linear polarizer 24 then transmits the reflected light and the combination of the red, green and blue pixels is observed as bright white light.

[0041] In the energized state, a voltage (greater than or equal to the saturation voltage of the LC material) is applied to a given pixel or pixels in LC cell 30. As is well known in the art, the applied voltage realigns the bulk of the LC molecules parallel to axis A (i.e., to a homeotropic orientation which is optically isotropic for light incident along axis A). As previously described, linear polarizer 24 acts to linearly polarize (e.g., to 0°) the unpolarized, white light 22 incident thereon. In the energized state, LC cell 30 affects no change on the polarization direction of the incident light. The quarter-wave retarder 32 therefore converts the white 0° linearly polarized light into white RH light. CLC polarizing device 10 transmits substantially all RH light to black absorber 34. The resultant output in the energized state may therefore be black.

[0042] Grayscale (i.e., modulation of brightness) may be achieved by partially energizing LC cell 30, in a manner similar to that of a conventional reflective LCD. Briefly, in this instance, a voltage, with a value less than the saturation voltage of LC cell 30, is applied. The range of values of applied voltages is determined by the electrodistortional response curve of LC cell 30. The application of this voltage partially aligns the LC molecules with the electric field (e.g., to an angle of 60° at the center of LC cell 30 with respect to axis A). The resultant transmitted light may therefore be thought of as having a mixed polarization state, a portion of which is rotated by LC cell 30 (to an orientation of 90°) and a portion that passes through unaffected (at an orientation of 0°). Quarter-wave retarder 32 therefore converts the light into a mixture of LH and RH light (also referred to as elliptically polarized light). The red 14R, green 14G and blue 14B pixels of CLC polarizing device 10 reflect red, green and blue LH light, respectively, whereas the remainder of the spectrum, LH cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively as well as substantially all RH light, is transmitted and absorbed by black absorber 34. Increasing the applied voltage at a given pixel or pixels, increases the relative portion of incident light that passes through LC layer unaffected and therefore results in a reduction of light output from that pixel or pixels. By controlling the voltage at each pixel in layer 28 (e.g., by standard active or passive matrix drive addressing) color images with a high degree of contrast may be produced using this embodiment of the reflective LCD 20′ of this invention.

[0043] The artisan of ordinary skill will readily recognize that a NW mode reflective LCD may also be fabricated with a RH CLC polarizing device that reflects RH light (rather than LH light in the previous example) simply by changing the orientation of the fast axis of quarter-wave retarder 32 from −45° to +45°.

[0044] Alternatively, reflective LCD 20′ may be configured as a NB mode device. In this configuration, a quarter-wave retarder 32 is configured with its fast axis orientated at +45°. All other components remain substantially identical to that disclosed above for the NW mode. In operation of this NB mode embodiment of LCD 20′, linear polarizer 24 acts to linearly polarize (e.g., to 0°) the unpolarized, white light 22 incident thereon. In the non-energized state, LC cell 30 rotates the linear polarization direction to 90°. The quarter-wave retarder 32 then converts the white 90° linearly polarized light into white RH light. LH CLC polarizing device 10 transmits substantially all RH light to black absorber 34, resulting in a black output in the non-energized state.

[0045] In the energized state, incident white light 22 is linearly polarized at 0° after passing through linear polarizer 24 and energized LC cell 30 (as described hereinabove). Quarter-wave retarder 32 converts the 0° polarized light to LH light. As described above, red 14R, green 14G and blue 14B pixels of CLC polarizing device 10 reflect the red, green and blue LH light, respectively, and transmit the remainder to the black absorber 34, resulting in the reflection of bright white light. Grayscale (i.e. modulation brightness) for the NB mode configuration is achieved in the same manner as that described above for the NW mode configuration with the exception that increasing the voltage at a given pixel or pixels results in increasing brightness (rather than decreasing brightness) at that pixel or pixels. Furthermore, as also described hereinabove with respect to the NW mode configuration, color images with a high degree of contrast may be produced with the embodiment of reflective LCD 20′.

[0046] The artisan of ordinary skill will readily recognize that a NB mode reflective LCD may also be fabricated with a CLC polarizing device that reflects RH polarized light simply by changing the orientation of the fast axis of quarter-wave retarder 32 from +45° to −45°. The artisan of ordinary skill will also readily recognize that the reflective LCDs of this invention may be fabricated with LC cell 30 being configured with the front LC director oriented at 90° and the back LC director orientated at 0° in each of the configurations discussed hereinabove without substantially affecting their function.

[0047] Referring now to FIG. 6, in another embodiment of the present invention is shown as reflective LCD 120. LCD 120 may be fabricated as a NW mode or NB mode device according to the principles described hereinabove. LCD 120 is substantially similar (and functions in a substantially similar manner) to LCD 20′, except that it includes a CLC device 100 having multiple skewed domains 140 for providing gain reflection. Reflective LCD 120 tends to be advantageous in that for many practical illumination angles (i.e., angles of incidence) it reflects the pixel display information in a direction closer to that of axis A (which tends to be the most likely viewing direction for most LCD applications), thus increasing preferentially the brightness in this preferred direction. For example, as shown, the angle of incidence θ_(i) for incident light 22 is greater than the angle of reflection θ_(r) of the reflected light 21. While in the above example the direction for brightness enhancement (i.e., gain) is normal to the display (i.e., parallel to axis A), the artisan of ordinary skill will understand that a reflective LCD may be readily configured, using the principles of this invention, to have a maximum gain in a direction other than that normal to the display. In particular, for a display utilizing a 90° TN LC cell, in which the direction of maximum contrast is known to deviate from the normal, it may be desirable to configure the gain reflection to provide a maximum brightness direction coinciding with the maximum contrast direction of the LC cell.

[0048] The skilled artisan should recognize that although the present invention has been shown and described with respect to color displays/devices, it may also be practiced with monochromatic displays/devices in a manner that would be well understood in light of the teachings hereof, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

[0049] The modifications to the various aspects of the present invention described above are merely exemplary. It is understood that other modifications to the illustrative embodiments will readily occur to persons with ordinary skill in the art. All such modifications and variations are deemed to be within the scope and spirit of the present invention as defined by the accompanying claims. 

What we claim is:
 1. A cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device comprising: a substrate; an alignment layer; and a cholesteric liquid crystal layer including multiple domains, each of said domains skewed at an angle relative to a plane parallel to said substrate.
 2. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 1 wherein said multiple domains are skewed at a substantially uniform angle.
 3. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 2 wherein at least one of said multiple domains includes a plurality of sub-domains, said sub-domains being disposed within a distribution of angles relative to said at least one domain.
 4. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 1 wherein said multiple domains are skewed at a distribution of angles.
 5. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of pixel regions.
 6. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 1 wherein said pixel regions are arranged in a repeating array of red pixels, green pixels and blue pixels, said red pixels reflecting circularly polarized red light, said green pixels reflecting circularly polarized green light and said blue pixels reflecting circularly polarized blue light.
 7. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 1 wherein said angle is in the range from about 2 to about 10 degrees.
 8. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 1 wherein said angle is in the range from about 4 to about 6 degrees.
 9. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 1 wherein said multiple domains are produced by embossing a relief structure on a surface of said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device.
 10. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 1 wherein said embossing comprises laminating a stretched polyester material into the surface of a cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing layer.
 11. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 1 wherein said substrate comprises glass.
 12. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 1 wherein said alignment layer comprises polyimide.
 13. A liquid crystal display including the cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim
 1. 14. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 1 comprising a monochromatic device.
 15. A reflective liquid crystal display comprising: a planar cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device, including multiple domains, each of said domains skewed at an angle relative to a plane parallel to said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device; a liquid crystal cell; and an internal quarter-wave retarder; said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device, said liquid crystal cell, and said quarter wave retarder being superposed with one another.
 16. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 15 wherein said multiple domains are skewed at a substantially uniform angle.
 17. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 16 wherein at least one of said multiple domains includes a plurality of sub-domains, said sub-domains being disposed within a distribution of angles relative to said at least one domain.
 18. The cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device of claim 15 wherein said multiple domains are skewed at a distribution of angles.
 19. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 15 wherein said reflective liquid crystal display includes a normally white mode device.
 20. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 15 wherein said reflective liquid crystal display includes a normally black mode device.
 21. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 15 wherein said liquid crystal cell is disposed adjacent to a thin film transistor array having a plurality of pixel regions.
 22. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 15 wherein said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device further comprises a plurality of pixel regions.
 23. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 22 wherein said pixel regions are arranged in a repeating array of red pixels, green pixels and blue pixels, said red pixels reflecting circularly polarized red light, said green pixels reflecting circularly polarized green light and said blue pixels reflecting circularly polarized blue light.
 24. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 15 wherein: said liquid crystal cell is disposed adjacent to a thin film transistor array having a plurality of pixel regions; said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device comprises a plurality of pixel regions; and said plurality of pixel regions of said thin film transistor array are in registration with said plurality of pixel regions of said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device.
 25. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 15 wherein said angle is in the range from about 2 to about 10 degrees.
 26. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 25 wherein said angle is in the range form about 4 to about 6 degrees.
 27. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 15 wherein said multiple domains are produced by embossing a relief structure on a surface of said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device.
 28. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 15, wherein said liquid crystal cell comprises a 90° twisted nematic liquid crystal.
 29. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 15 further comprising a linear polarizer and an absorbing medium.
 30. A reflective liquid crystal display comprising: a linear polarizer, said linear polarizer having a polarization direction; a liquid crystal cell; a quarter-wave retarder, said quarter-wave retarder having a fast axis; a planar cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device; said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device including a plurality of pixel regions; said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device including multiple domains, each of said domains skewed at an angle relative to a plane parallel to said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device; and an absorbing medium.
 31. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 30 wherein said liquid crystal cell is disposed adjacent to a thin film transistor array having a plurality of pixel regions.
 32. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 31 wherein said plurality of pixel regions of said thin film transistor array are in registration with said plurality of pixel regions of said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device.
 33. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 30 wherein said liquid crystal cell comprises a 90° twisted nematic liquid crystal.
 34. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 30, said reflective liquid crystal display being a normally white mode device, wherein said fast axis of said quarter-wave retarder is oriented at −45° to said polarization direction of said linear polarizer; and said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device reflects substantially pure left-hand circularly polarized light.
 35. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 30, said reflective liquid crystal display being a normally black mode device, wherein said fast axis of said quarter-wave retarder is oriented at +45° to said polarization direction of said linear polarizer; and said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device reflects substantially pure left-hand circularly polarized light.
 36. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 30, said reflective liquid crystal display being a normally white mode device, wherein said fast axis of said quarter-wave retarder is oriented at +45° to said polarization direction of said linear polarizer; and said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device reflects substantially pure right-hand circularly polarized light.
 37. The reflective liquid crystal display of claim 30, said reflective liquid crystal display being a normally black mode device, wherein said fast axis of said quarter-wave retarder is oriented at −45° to said polarization direction of said linear polarizer; and said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device reflects substantially pure right-hand circularly polarized light.
 38. A method for fabricating a reflective liquid crystal display, said method comprising: providing a liquid crystal cell disposed adjacent to a thin film transistor array having a plurality of pixel regions; superposing said liquid crystal cell with a planar cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device; and providing said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device with multiple domains, each of said domains skewed at an angle relative to a plane parallel to said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device.
 39. The method of claim 38 further comprising: providing said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device with a plurality of pixel regions, arranging said pixel regions in a repeating array of red pixels, green pixels and blue pixels, said red pixels reflecting circularly polarized red light, said green pixels reflecting circularly polarized green light and said blue pixels reflecting circularly polarized blue light.
 40. The method of claim 38 further comprising: aligning said pixel regions of said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device with said pixel regions of said thin film transistor array to register them with one another.
 41. The method of claim 38 further comprising: superposing said cholesteric liquid crystal polarizing device and said liquid crystal cell with a linear polarizer, a quarter-wave retarder and an absorbing medium. 